Section 5 of 7
Map a real failure to controls.
○ mark complete
Five curated cases from the 100-failure dataset — three technical, two
policy-facing. For each one, identify the harm, the framework that
applies, the Beacon artifact that would have caught the gap, and the
YES-act. You can save your answers (browser only — nothing leaves
this tab) or print the worksheet PDF and fill it in by hand.
Open printable worksheet ↗
Worksheet PDF ↓
Case 1 — Boeing 737 MAX MCAS software fatal crashes (2018-2019)
Sector: Auto/Mobility·Damage: $2.5B DOJ resolution·Act: YES-Ship
Root cause — Boeing concealed a safety-critical MCAS design change from regulators and pilots; the certification process failed to catch that the system could repeatedly command nose-down trim from erroneous sensor data.
The receipt that would have caught it — a checklist receipt requiring explicit sign-off on the safety-critical MCAS change, plus a scoring report highlighting the unresolved risk of a hidden control-law update before deployment.
Case 2 — Knight Capital deployment failure (2012)
Sector: Finance·Damage: $440M in 45 minutes·Act: YES-Steady
Root cause — A deployment failed to push updated code to one of eight servers. The stale code interpreted new order-routing flags as legacy commands, generating runaway orders that bankrupted the firm in less than an hour.
The receipt that would have caught it — deployment attestation receipts per host, plus a control gate requiring all-server confirmation before the new flag could be enabled in production.
Case 3 — Detroit wrongful arrest via facial recognition (2020)
Sector: Public sector·Damage: civil suit, policy reform·Act: YES-Recover
Root cause — A face-recognition match produced a single candidate; police arrested Robert Williams based on that match alone. No human review, no documented thresholding, no audit trail of the model version or training data.
The receipt that would have caught it — a transaction receipt per match showing the model version, confidence score, and required-human-review flag; absence of the named human approver should have blocked downstream action.
Case 4 — Apple Card credit limit bias allegations (2019)
Sector: Finance·Damage: NY DFS investigation·Act: YES-Steady
Root cause — Couples with similar finances saw very different credit limits, including in the same household. Goldman/Apple could not explain the decisions or demonstrate disparate-impact testing.
The receipt that would have caught it — per-decision receipts tying input features to outputs, plus checklist receipts demonstrating ongoing fairness testing as a required control rather than an aspirational one.
Case 5 — Robodebt automated welfare debt scheme (Australia, 2016-2020)
Sector: Public sector·Damage: AUD 1.8B settlement, Royal Commission·Act: YES-Ship
Root cause — An automated income-averaging algorithm was deployed against welfare recipients without legal authority, generating false debts at scale. Operational decisions were made by automation without documented review or recourse.
The receipt that would have caught it — a pre-deployment governance gate requiring legal sign-off on the algorithmic method, plus per-debt receipts with appeal and human-review fields demonstrating fair-process compliance.
Want all 100 cases? Level 200 includes the full interactive deep-dive with framework cross-links, harm-type filters, and per-case Beacon artifact recommendations.